Pigment or filler and materials and procedures for making the same



4 Sheets-Sheet l wt v Sept. 15, 1970 w cRAlG v PIGMENT 0R FILLER AND MATERIALS AND PROCEDURES FOR MAKING THE SAME Filed March 29. 1965 p 5, 1970 w. L. CRAIG 3,528,836

PIGMENT 0R FILLER AND MATERIALS AND PROCEDURES FOR MAKING THE SAME Filed March 29, 1965 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 N 5' o F i:

O O 0 [U -(9 LL] m 2 q [U 2' O ro 4-" 3 w 3 0 n: .J mm oSZl F *0 (D U] LU c: o 3 o 0 "(0 0 o o "f7" 0 0 0 888332 2ss23 INVENTOR.

WILLIAM LGRA; BY

WM Mi his ATTORNEKS 29 DEGREES w. L. CRAIG 3,528,836 PIGMENT OR FILLER AND MATERIALS AND'PROCEDURES Sept. 15, 1970 FOR MAKING THE SAME Filed March 29, 1965 4 Sheets-Sheet 5 SOLUTION C SOLUTION B SOLUTION A TO STORAGE INVENTOR.

WILLIAM L. CRAIG FLOW fl c if hls ATTORNEYS Sept; 15, 1970 W. L. CRAIG PIGMENT 0R FILLER AND MATERIALS ANDPROCEDURES FOR MAKING THE SAME 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 PIGMENT CONCETRATION (GMSJ LITER) Filed March 29, 1965 3 08 b: wozfitzwz k kzwomwm BYE his A TTOR/VE YS United States Patent 3,528,836 PIGMENT 0R FILLER AND MATERIALS AND PROCEDURES FOR MAKING THE SAME William L. Craig, Westport, Conn., assignor to R. T.

Vanderbilt Company, Inc., New York, N.Y., a corporation of New York Filed Mar. 29, 1965, Ser. No. 447,116 Int. Cl. C09g 23/04; C09c 1/02, 1/36 US. Cl. 106-300 13 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE The present application discloses a complex composition consisting essentially of TiO;;, SiO and CaO made by precipitation from an acid solution of titanyl sulfate containing calcium and silicate ions dissolved therein, by mixing such solution with an alkaline solution under conditions of high shear.

The application also discloses a complex composition consisting essentially of TiO SiO CaO and BaSO, made by precipitation from an acid solution of titanyl sulfate containing calcium and silicate ions dissolved therein, by mixing such solution with an alkaline solution containing barium ion dissolved therein, under conditions of high shear.

The application also discloses the method of producing a TiO pigment of increased rutile content by the sulfuric acid process, which comprises introducing into the high shear zone adjacent a rapidly rotating impeller an aqueous acid solution of titanyl sulfate, introducing into said zone an aqueous alkaline solution of an alkali metal in an amount sufiicient substantially at least to neutralize said titanyl sulfate solution and precipitate H TiO withdrawing from said zone efiiuent containing said precipitated H TiO removing said H TiO from its mother liquor, and drying and calcining to TiO This invention relates to pigments or fillers containing titanium dioxide, and to procedures and materials used in making such pigments.

Titanium dioxide has been used in the paper industry for many years as an opacifying pigment. One of the problems connected with the use of this pigment in a paper mill system is the requirement that the pigment be finely dispersed and uniformly distributed throughout the paper. Titanium dioxide particles are manufactured having mean particle size of about 0.25 micron. This particle size is carefully controlled by the manufacturer to produce the maximum light reflectance or opacity. When the pigment is used in a paper mill system it is difiicult to maintain the proper dispersion because the small particles of TiO must be flocculated in order to retain them in the fiber matrix. Such flocculation or piling reduces the desired optical efiiciency of the titanium dioxide pigment.

The dispersion problem has been studied by pigment chemists for many years in an attempt to obtain a better pigment for the paper industry. Various pigment extensions were made by physically blending TiO with other inorganic compounds such as barium sulfate, calcium sulfate, calcium silicate, aluminum silicate and hydrated silicates. Such extended pigments were used throughout the paper industry for many years. However, the purchase of such materials is not favored because in some instances it has been found more economical merely to blend the individual components of the mixture at the paper mill.

Similarly, in the paint, rubber and other fields, TiO has been blended with extenders such as CaSO BaSO aluminum silicates to reduce the cost of the material. Such extenders serve to keep the TiO particles separated in the matrix and reduce piling which, in turn, produces a 3,528,836 Patented Sept. 15 1970 higher degree of optical efficiency from the TiO Although the physical extension of the T i0 particles does in some measure increase the opacity of the material such as the finished sheet of paper, rubber, paint film, etc. the efficiency of the TiO particles is still far below their maximum capabilities.

In accordance with the present invention there is produced a complex composition consisting essentially of TiO SiO and CaO made by precipitation from an acid solution of titanyl sulfate containing calcium ions and silicate ions dissolved therein, by mixing such solution with an alkaline solution under conditions of high shear. According to a particular embodiment of the invention, there is produced a complex composition consisting essentially of TiO SiO CaO and barium sulfate made by precipitation from an acid solution of titanyl sulfate containing calcium ions and silicate ions dissolved therein, by mixing such solution with an alkaline solution containing barium ions dissolved therein under conditions of high shear. A novel aspect of the invention is the aqueous acid solution of titanyl sulfate containing calcium and silicate ions dissolved therein, which upon being neutralized with an alkali precipitates the complex TiO SiO and CaO'. As the term is used in the specification and claims, TiO includes both the anhydrous form. and TiO in the form of the hydrate H TiO According to the method of the invention the complexes are preferably produced by continuously introducing into a high shear zone adjacent a rapidly rotating impeller, an aqueous acid solution of titanyl sulfate containing the calcium and silicate ions dissolved therein, and simultaneously continuously introducing into said zone an aqueous alkaline solution of an alkali metal (suitably containing the barium ion dissolved therein if desired) in an amount sufiicient substantially to neutralize said titanyl sulfate solution, and preferably raise the pH to a value between about 8 and 10, thereby to precipitate the desired complex. The eifiuent containing said precipitated complex is continuously withdrawn from the high shear zone.

The slurry containing the complex dispersed in the mother liquor is then filtered or centrifuged to recover the complex, which is thereafter dried, calcined and ground to produce the pigment having the desired particle size and suitably dispersed particles. The precipitated complex pigment will have an average particle size not greater than 0.5 micron, preferably, under optimum conditions, not greater than about 0.25 micron.

In the case of pure TiO there is a rather critical particle size range needed to obtain maximum opacity, i.e., about 0.2-0.25 micron. With my extended pigment, however, made by the procedures described herein, and containing at least about 25% of extending material, the permissible particle size range is about 0.15 to 0.5 micron for maximum opacity. The preferred amount of extender is about 60-70%, that is, about 3040% TiO It has been found that upon calcining the TiO or the TiO complex obtained according to the invention, a TiO pigment is obtained (without seeding) which has a substantially higher rutile content as compared with TiO pigments obtained by ordinary sulfuric acid procedures (without seeding). Therefore, a particular aspect of the invention resides in the method of producing a TiO pigment having increased rutile content by the sulfuric acid process, even in the absence of CaSiO and BaSO by carrying out the process described under conditions of high shear, preferably by continuously introducing into a high shear zone adjacent a rapidly rotating impeller, an aqueous acid solution of titanyl sulfate, simultaneously continuously introducing into said zone an aqueous alkaline solution of an alkali metal in an amount sufficient substantially to neutralize said titanyl sulfate solution and preferably raise the pH to a value in the range of about 8-10, thereby to precipitate H TiO continuousy withdrawing from the zone the eflluent containing the precipitated H TiO which is then removed from its mother liquor, dried and calcined to produce TiO The calcining is carried out under known conditions.

FIG. 1 is an X-ray diffraction diagram of a TiO pigment made according to the invention;

FIG. 2 is another X-ray diffraction diagram of a TiO pigment made according to the invention;

FIG. 3 is still another X-ray diffraction diagram of a TiO pigment made according to the invention;

FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic section of a portion of a centrifugal pump useful in carrying out the process of the invention;

FIG. 5 is an enlarged drawing of a portion of the pump shown in FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic section of the pump shown in FIG. 4 taken along the axis of the impeller; and

FIG. 7 is a diagram showing light absorption of water suspensions made according to the invention.

It is not known exactly why the conditions set forth above produce the unexpected results that have been found. It is thought, however, that as the alkaline solution, suitably containing the barium ion, combines with the strongly acid titanyl sulfate solution, the following reactions may occur instantaneously and simultaneously:

1) The titanyl sulfate instantly hydrolyzes to titanic acid (H TiO (2)The barium salt (if present) reacts with the available sulfate ions and forms an insoluble barium sulfate and the calcium ion combines with SiO to form the hydrated calcium silicate. It is noted that under these conditions calcium sulfate cannot be formed since it is soluble.

(3) The control of the extent of shear at the point of mixing and precipitation is believed to be important. The two major controlling factors for this formation are temperature and agitation. By maintaining the rate of shear at its maximum value and the temperature at its optimum value, the ultimate fineness of the discrete particles as formed is assured.

(4) The fact that all the chemical constitutents involved in the reaction are soluble and ionized permits simultaneous double decomposition of the salts to form the insoluble complex structure.

The ratio of Ti to the other components of the complex may be varied over a Wide range. In fact, substantially pure TiO may be made utilizing the present invention. The content of barium sulfate and calcium silicate will depend generally upon the use to be made of the pigment. For reasons of economy it will be desired to include as much calcium silicate and barium sulfate as can be tolerated since they are relatively less expensive materials. A suitable range of T iO content for the extended pigment is about to 95%, preferably about 5 to 40% TiO based on the total weight of the complex, the remainder representing the content of CaO, Si0 and BaSO (if present).

The ratio of the barium sulfate to the calcium silicate may also be carried, suitably within the range from about 95:5 to 5:95 by weight. Since the B250 is a dense material and the hydrated calcium silicate is a relatively less dense and bulky material, it is perferred, particularly from the standpoint of the fired product, to balance these characteristics of the two materials. The preferred amounts are about equal on a weight basis but acceptable qualities may be obtained in the range of about 30:70 to 70:30 of the two materials.

The techniques useful in controlling the precipitation of the pigment and the characteristics of the precipitated pigment include temperature, pH, water dilution and degree of shear. The temperature within the zone of high shear where precipitation occurs, is preferably elevated, thereby to make the reaction go more rapidly. Temperatures within the range of about 1002l2 F. are suitable, but they are preferably in excess of 170 F.

The temperature of a titanyl sulfate solution before it reaches the zone of high shear, however, is governed by other factors. Excessively high temperatures will cause the titanyl sulfate to hydrolyze prematurely and the titanium to precipitate. Accordingly, the temperature of the titanyl sulfate solution is maintained below the thermal hydrolysis temperature, which is about F.

The titanyl sulfate solution will, of course, be strongly acid. The pH will generally be about 1.0 or less, and low enough to keep the titanium and the calcium and the silicate to be added, in solution. The calcium chloride solution and the sodium silicate solution are added to the strongly acid titanyl sulfate solution and the components are mixed together. Although the solution is concentrated with respect to sulfuric acid, the TiO content is only about 20% that is about 0.3 gram per cubic centimeter. The solution is then diluted with water, preferably hot water, to reduce the Ti0 concentration to below about 10%, preferably about 2% or lower. The diluted hot solution is added as soon thereafter as practical to the high shear zone.

Although the reaction may be carried out using the concentrated titanyl sulfate solution, the dilution affords easier control of the reaction to produce the desired product.

The type of sodium silicate employed is not critical. However, it is preferred to use a sodium silicate that has a high Si0 content, inasmuch as it is the 'SiO which will appear in the final product. A suitable material is Na O-3 to 4SiO Other alkali metal silicates, such as potassium silicate may be used. The use of calcium chloride is not critical and, in fact, other soluble and compatible calcium salts may be used.

The ratio of CaO to SiO in the final complex will depend, of course, upon the ratio of calcium to silicate added to the titanyl sulfate solution. This is a factor which is subject to Wide variation depending upon the qualities desired in the final product. For example, the more dense CaSiO in which the ratio of CaO to SiO is 1:1 may be formed. This may provide advantages, particularly where little or no BaSO is present. It is preferred, however, to have a relatively high ratio of SiO to CaO, that is above about 3: 1, which is a less dense and more bulky material.

Although sodium hydroxide is preferred for reasons of economy, other strong alkalies, particularly alkali metal alkalies such as potassium hydroxide may be used. The temperature of the caustic solution before it reaches the mixing zone is not critical unless barium salt is present. In the latter event, the time and the temperature of the alkaline solution containing the barium salt are controlled between the point of mixing the barium salt with the alkali and the high shear precipitating zone to prevent precipitation of barium hydroxide. Preferably the barium salt is added just before the zone of high shear, and the temperature of the alkaline solution is maintained at about 200 F. Barium chloride is preferred but other soluble and compatible barium salts may be used.

The following examples are presented to illustrate the invention, the parts expressed being on a weight basis unless otherwise indicated.

EXAMPLE 1 One source used for the titanium was a titanium bearing iron slag known as Sorel slag. This slag contains about 75% TiO and approximately 8% iron (FeO). The following components and materials were used in preparing the ore.

Components: Parts Ilrnenite (Sorel) ore 75 Concentrated H 80 (96%) 225 Dextrin 0.45 0.1 N H 504 250 AS203 FeS 0.18

The ore was ground in a ball mill to a fineness that would pass through a 200 mesh screen. The correct amount of ground ore was then placed in a three-necked flask and the concentrated sulfuric acid was added to the flask. A mercury seal agitator system was inserted in the center neck of the flask, a water condenser in another neck of the flask, and a 400 C. thermometer in the remaining neck of the flask. The sulfuric acid ilmenite slurry was heated under constant agitation to 125 C. At this point the dextrin was added to prepare for the exothermic reaction. The heating was continued until a temperature of 220 C. was reached at which point the slurry formed into a solid cake. The cake was allowed to cool to 60 C. and the correct amount of 0.1 N H 80 was added to the flask and the cake was dissolved into solution. The correct amount of As O was then added and allowed to mix for minutes. Then the FeS was added and mixed Well for minutes. The arsenic and the iron treatments were used to aid in the clarification of the liquid. About 2 liters of distilled water were added to the mixture to assist in filtering, and the liquid was filtered in a Buchner system with an acid filter paper to remove undigested sludge.

At this point the titanium and iron were in complete solution and the liquor was ready for the next processing step. The iron in the liquor (as ferrous sulfate) was completely soluble in extreme dilutions, whereas the titanyl sulfate hydrolyzes on dilution to H TiO which is an insoluble precipitate. Therefore the iron was removed by the following procedure.

One volume of the liquor was slowly added to ten volumes of boiling water, the titanyl sulfate instantly hydrolyzed to titanic acid (H TiO The mixture was filtered and thoroughly washed in a Buchner system. The filtrate contained the ferrous sulfate and was discarded. An amount of sulfuric acid equal to the sulfuric acid content of the original liquor was slowly added to the wet filtered cake of H TiO in a 4 liter beaker, a little bit at a time under continuous mixing. The heat of the solution is usually sufficient to raise the temperature to approximately 125 C. at which point the titanic acid reyerts to the titanyl sulfate; if not, heat is added slowly while mixing continuously. At this point the liquor was purified and contained only titanyl sulfate. This liquor was referred to as black liquor. It contained the equivalent of about 0.144 gram of TiO per milliliter and at this point was ready to receive the other inorganic chemicals in preparation for the final precipitation of the complex. Other procedures known in the prior art may be used for preparing the purified (iron free) black liquor.

1200 milliliters of water at 140 F. were added to 42 ml. of black liquor; 30 ml. of a calcium chloride solution (10% CaCl by volume) were then added; ml. of a sodium silicate solution (18.5% Na O3.25 SiO by volume) were added to complete the black liquor preparation. This solution was strongly acidic and contained titanium, silicon dioxide and calcium, all in solution in the sulfuric acid. The black liquor was now ready to be precipitated to produce the desired complex pigment.

To 1600 ml. of water at 200 F. were added 53.6 ml. of a barium chloride solution (10% BaCl by volume). 215 ml. of 5 N NaOH solution was prepared. The di luted black liquor solution (1312 ml.) was placed in a high shear reactor, that is a Waring type commercial blender Model CB-3, 1 gallon capacity, 14,500 r.p.m., /2 HP. The black liquor in the reactor was placed under shear and the 5 N caustic solution was quickly added to the barium chloride solution and this mixture Was added as fast as possible to the reactor. This technique produced an instantaneous reaction with all of the available compounds and the insoluble pigment precipitate was thereby formed. The precipitated pigment was thoroughly washed and filtered in a Buchner system and dried in a low temperature oven (175 F.).

The pigment was refined as follows. After the reacted pigment was thoroughly washed and dried, it was ground in a hammermill to reduce the agglomerates to an optimum particle size. The grinding was controlled to produce a pigment having less than 0.1% grit on a 325 mesh screen. Samples of the pigment were calcined in a furnace to determine the optical. properties of the particle after loss of the water of crystallization. Firing is suitably carried out in a muffle furnace from 400 to 2200 F. preferably at about 1800 P. All of the combined water (15% ignition loss) was removed at temperatures below 600 F. The calcined samples were again ground in the hammermill to the above-mentioned specification. The following physical and chemical properties were determined in the product:

G. E. Brightness-+ Loss on ignitionapproximately 15% Assayapproximately 33% TiO (as H TiO 33% CaO.4SiO .xH O (where x varies between 3 and 4); 33% BaSO,

Handsheets of paper were made and tested in accordance with the following procedure.

A sufficient amount of 3% consistency bleached sulphite stock (about 350 C.S.F. TAPPI Specification T227m-58) to contain 20 gm. of bone dry fiber was weighed out and put under agitation. To this concentrated stock there was added 4 cc. of a 5% rosin size solution 1% on the weight of the fiber), a sufficient amount of the ground pigment slurry to contain 1.2 gm. of dry pigment (6% on the weight of the fiber), and 8 cc. of a 5% iron-free alum solution (2% on the weight of the fiber) in that order, allowing 15 minutes of mixing after each addition. This concentrated stock was diluted to a total volume of 7,600 cc. in a large pail with filtered tap water and the pH was adjusted to 4.0-4.5 with 1% sulfuric acid. 590 cc. aliquots of this stock were put under mild agitation and 7.5 cc. (1 pound/ton based on 1.5 gm. of fiber) of a 0.01% Vanzak RA (a high molecular weight synthetic polymer cationic retention acid) solution was added and allowed to mix slowly for 2 minutes. The stock was then added to the mold, the pH adjusted to 4.0-4.5 with a 1% sulfuric acid solution, and the handsheets prepared following TAPPI conditions. The sheets were pressed, dried and conditioned overnight before testing. The TAPPI brightness of the sheets and the opacity of the sheets were measured and found to be acceptable.

EXAMPLE 2 The black liquor was prepared according to the procedure described in Example 1 and contained 0.106 gm. of TiO per ml.; 1200 ml. of water at F. were added to ml. of the black liquor; 5 ml. of a calcium chloride solution (10% CaCl by volume) were then added; 7 ml. of a sodium silicate solution (18.5 Na .O3.25 SiO by volume) were added to complete the black liquor preparation. This solution was strongly acidic and contained the titanium, silicon dioxide and calcium, all in solution in the sulfuric acid. The following procedure was used to initiate the formation of the precipitated pigment.

(1) 9 ml. of a barium chloride solution (10% BaCl by volume) were added to 250 ml. of water at 130 F.

(2) 1100 ml. of 5 N NaOH solution were added to 500 ml. of distilled water and the solution was heated at 200 F.

(3) The treated black liquor solution was placed in a high shear reactor of the Waring type described in Example 1.

(4) The black liquor in the reactor was placed under high shear, that is the agitator of the blender was operated at maximum speed and the 5 N caustic solution along with the barium chloride solution were added simultaneously to the reactor.

The foregoing procedures produced an instantaneous reaction with all of the available compounds and the insoluble pigment particles were formed at the prevailing pH which was about 10.0. The precipitated pigment was thoroughly washed and filtered on a Buchner system and dried at a low temperature hot air circulated oven (175 F.). The pigment was ground in a mortar and 8 EXAMPLE 3 Following the procedure described in Example 1 a composite pigment was made containing 38% TiO 31% BaSO and 31% CaO.4SiO

pestle to a relatively fine particle size. Samples were The P t Of mple 3 and tWO of the products then calcined in afurnace to determine the optical properm Example h Tests N 2 and Were ties of the particles after the loss of the water of crystalliaf ln d y X-ray diffraction using a standard Norelco Zation. The calcined samples were then wet-ground in a hlgh angle automatlc dlfiractometel', utilizing nickel ball mill for 72 hours. The grit was controlled to produce 10 tefed pp radiation The charts Obtained are Presented a pigment having less than 0.1% it on a 325 h herewith as FIGS. 1, 2 and 3. The instrument operated screen. Handshcts were prepared according to the proceat 40,000V01t5, and l amps plate or tube current. dure described in Exampe 1. The results are presented The divergent Slit Which meters t Y am fr m th in the following Table I (under the heading Test No. 2) tube has 4 of arc. The receiving slit between the source together with similar data obtained by using other TiO 15 and the sample has an aperture of 0.006 inch. These pigments. provide a nearly point source of X-rays for impingement TABLE I Test Number 80% T102, 10% GaO.3.8 Control, Si02, 10% 100% T102 Baso. 100% 'IiOz pH at preparation 1. 5 11.0 11. 0 Firing temperature, F 1, 600 1, 600 1, 600 Handsheet stock (Bleached Sulphite) Percent size 1 1 1 Percent alum... 2 2 2 Percent filler 6 6 6 Percent Vanzak R (1 lb./ton based 011 1.5 gm. of fiber weight) pH to pail 4.1 4.1 4.1 H to mold 4. 2 4. 2 4. 2

andsheet tests:

Basis weight (38500) 43. 6 52. 2 4s. 4 TAPPI brightness 75. 4 79. 1 75. 9 TAPPI opacity...- 86. 5 88. 1 87. 7 Percent TiOz in sheet 4. 43 3. 65 4. 33

Determination of the Pigment Efficiency Value SX valu 2. 83 3. 27 3.01 Corrected SX value lb. basis weight) 3. 10 3. 14 3. 12 Corrected opacity (50 lb. basis weight) 88. 6 87. 2 88.0 Pigment efficiency value 700 860 724 Test No. 1 is a pure TiO prepared from the original upon the specimen. The scatter slit had an opening of black liquor by mixing the black liquor with boiling 4", this being the slit which allows acceptance of the water with moderate agitation. Test No. 3 is a product reflected and/or diffracted X-rays leaving the specimen. prepared in the same way as Test No. 2 (high shear mix- Scale F was used (1/ 8/ 1) with the time constant of one. ing) with the exception that no calcium chloride, sodium The receiving head assembly is rotated relative to the silicate or barium chloride were added. incident beam at a rate of 2 per minute. The strip chart The data appearing at the lower part of Table I is pulled past the pen at such a rate that 4 of receiver under the heading Determination of the Pigment Eflihead movement occurs during each inch of chart moveciency Value are calculated values to correct for difment (abscissa of the graph). The diagrams of FIGS. ferences in the basis weight of the three samples. The 1-3 were reduced to about one-half the original size. conversions were made by standard procedures as follows: 50 Numerical values assigned to each peak represent the By the standard procedure described in TAPPI Standdistance between parallel planes within the crystal in ard T425m Opacity of Paper, using a Bausch & Lomb angstrorn units. They are arrived at from Braggs Law Opacimeter, the reflectance over black R and the TAPPI using the equation opacity, C were measured on the paper. Using the A Kubelka and Munk chart, the intersect of these values D= was located and the scattering coefficient SX was ob- Sm 0 tained. Also using standard procedure, the basis weight Where was correcteg. to gxafily 5O poundts and tare rigw SX )\=wave1ength of the rays; va ue was 0 tame e percent t1 anium 10x1 e was Dzdistance between the atomic planes; and determlned on the basis of the ash content of the papers. 0=ang1e of incidence of the rays The Pigment Efficiency Value was then calculated acdi to h follo i fgr l The wave length of copper Ken is 1.54 A. and in this case the equation reduces to SX 1.54 Pigment etliciency value Percent Tioz in Sheet 60 2 sin 0 The pure TiO prepared by using the mechanical It will be observed that the ditfractometer measures 20. steps of the proces (Test No. 3 above) produced higher In FIG. 1 (the product of Test No. 3 of Example 2) optical efliciency than the pure TiO regenerated from the all of the peaks are identified as due to TiO present as original black liquor (Test No. 1). rutile as the major component and anatase as the minor The treated TiO had a higher relative hiding power component. In FIG. 2 (the product of Test No. 2 of (Test No. 2) as compared with the two pure TiO Example 2) it is evident that the product also contains pigments (Tests No. 1 and No. 3). These observations are TiO as rutile in significant amount. No barium sulfate based on the values for the opacity of the sheets allowas such was detected, indicating that the BaSO- detering for the Ti0 contents of the various samples. mined by assay was tied up in some form of a complex.

There are a number of unidentified lines which do not correspond to any calcium-silicon-oxygcn compound. In FIG. 3 (the product of Example 3) the diagram also indicates large amounts of TiO as rutile. BaSO is the other major component of this material. Unidentified lines are also present. These data indicate that in the case of FIG. 2 (80% T10 and FIG. 3 (38% TiO the compounds are true complexes of CaO, Si and BaSO present together with the TiO EXAMPLES 4-9 Referring to FIGS. 4 to 6 which illustrate the design and use of equipment suitable for making the compositions of Ti0 on a commercial scale, the following procedures were carried out in the apparatus shown. A portion of a casing of a suitable centrifugal pump 10 having an inlet 11, a discharge 12, and an impeller rotating about an axis 16 is shown in FIG. 4. In 'FIG. 5 there is shown on an enlarged scale an inlet pipe 2.0 attached to the pump casing 10 at 21. Closely adjacent to the connection 21 there is a Y 22 having two branches 25 and 2.6. The pump may suitably be a closed impeller pump such as Ingersoll-Rand Motor Pump Model RVL-5 having a capacity of 150 g.p.m. at a 52 ft. head, an impeller diameter of 11 inches, and a power input of 5 HP. at 1150 r.p.m.

In carrying out the procedure of the invention, a solution A, which is the titanyl sulfate, and is at a temperature of 140 F. is introduced at the inlet 11. Solution B introduced through the connection 21 is the alkaline solution at a temperature of 200 F. Following the procedure described in Example 1 the following additional Examples 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 were carried out by simultaneously introducing an acid titanyl sulfate solution at 11 and a mixture of sodium hydroxide solution and barium chloride solution through the Y connection 22. and into the pipe connection 20. In Example 9 noBaCl was added. A product consisting of a slurry of the precipitated pigment in the aqueous mother liquor was removed from the pump at 12 and treated to separate the precipitated pigment, after which it was dried and calcined as described above. The products of Examples 4 to 9 contained the following respective amounts of TiO (the remainder being CaO, SiO and BaSO 100%, 95%, 80%, 5%, 40% and 40%. The reaction conditions and the properties of the product are set forth in the following table.

10 EXAMPLE 10 10 No. 1 fraction coating grade of kaolinite (the finest grade) having an average particle size of about 0.5 micron. Pigment C was titanic acid (H TiO obtained by the sulfuric acid process and calcined but without being seeded with rutile TiO It was prepared in Example 2,

15 Test 3 above. Pigment D was the extended pigment containing 38% TiO prepared in Example 3 above. Pigment E was the 80% TiO pigment prepared in Example 2, Test 2.

Each of the pigments A through B after being wetground in a ball mill was made up in the following concentrations:

0.01 gm./ liter 0.05 gm./ liter 0.10 gm./liter 0.14 gm./liter These were then measured on the Bausch & Lomb Spectronic 20 colorimeter at 500 microns Wave length. Standard Bausch & Lomb selected test tubes were used to contain the dispersions during all measurements. The results of such measurements are plotted on FIG. 7 which is a semi-log graph as a function of the concentration of the particular dispersion.

It has been established that relatively dilute suspensions of titanium dioxide pigments follow the Beer-Lambert Law, i.e., the relationship between the logarithm of the light transmitted through the dispersion and the concentration of the dispersion is a straight line over the measurable limits of the instrument. Therefore, by

plotting the logarithm of the percent transmittance versus the concentration, a straight line is obtained. All the lines extrapolated to one common pont (100% transmission at zero percent pigment dispersion). The curves with the greater slope have the greater opacity per unit of pigment (since they allow less transmission). The rela- TABLE II Example Example Example 4 5 Example 6 7 Example 8 Example 9 15% T102, T102, 40% T102, 100% T102 5% TiOg, 40% T102, 60% added Final titanium dioxide-complex mixture (N0 complex) added 20% added added 60% added (No barium) For For For For For For For For For For 100 100 150 100 100 150 100 150 lb. g.p.rn. lb. 11). g.p.m. lb. 110. g.p.m. lb. g.p.m T10 pro- T102 T102 pro- T102 T102 pro- T10 pro- Amounts of chemicals used in preparation (accalcined duccalcined calcined duccalcined calcined duccalcined duccording to system given to the right) yield tion yield yield tion yield yield tion yield tion Titaliyl sulfate (0.1060 gms. TiOg/mlJ; gallons 113 9. 0 113 113 9. 0 113 113 9. 0 113 9. 0 Dilution water for titanly sulfate; gallons 987 81 987 987 81 987 987 81 987 81 Sodium Silicate:

Dry NaeO .388102, (1135.) 3. 7 17. 8 1. 5 1, 352 107 8. 8 114 17. Gal. of 18.75% solution... 2. 4 11. 5 0. 95 873 60 5. 7 138 ll. 4 Calcium Chloride:

Dry CaCh pounds 0. 97 4. 7 0.39 354 28 2. 3 56 4.6 Gal. of 10% solution 1. 2 5. 7 0. 47 437 34. 5 2. 8 60 5. 6 Barium Chloride:

Dry BaCli pounds 2. 3 11. 1 O. 93 843 66. 6 5. 5 Gal. of 10 0 solution 2. 8 13. 5 1.1 1,025 81 6.7 Sodium Hydroxide:

Dry NaOH, pounds 1, 200 100 1, 200 1,200 100 1, 200 1, 200 100 1, 200 100 Gal. of 5 normal solution 720 60 720 720 60 720 720 60 720 60 Total yield (pounds):

HzTiOa 123 10. 1 123 123 10. 1 123 123 10. 1 123 10. 1

BaSOr 2. 6 12. 5 l. 02 950 75 6. 17 lCaOASiOafiHzO. 3.1 14.9 1. 22 1,132 89.4 7. 35 178.8 15 7 Calcined yield (pounds):

BaSOi 2. 6 12. 5 1. 02 950 75 6. 17 iowasro. 2.6 12. 5 1. 02 950 75 6, 17 150 12, 4

1 1 tive opacifying powers of the pigments, therefore, can be determined by measuring the relative slopes of the curves as shown in FIG. 7. It will be observed from FIG. 7 that the product of Examples 2 and 3, that is those containing 80% TiO and 38% TiO respectively, had a significantly better opacity than pure anatase and clay. Sample C, which was 100% TiO prepared by the procedure of Example 2, also showed a significantly higher opacity than the pure anatase.

Although the uses of the compositions and methods of the invention have been illustrated in connection with the manufacture of paper, they are also useful in the manufacture of elastomeric products such as rubber as a pigment and/o-r filler, in the manufacture of paint as a pigment and/or extender, and in still other products.

I claim:

1. A complex composition consisting essentially of TiO SiO and CaO made by co-precipitation from an acid solution of titanyl sulfate containing silicate and calcium ions dissolved therein, by mixing such solution with an alkaline solution under conditions of high shear, the ratio SiO :CaO being at least about 3 :1 and no greater than 4:1 and the amount of TiO being in the range of about 5% to 40% by Weight.

2. A composition as described in claim 1 in which the average particle size of the complex is in the range from about 0.15 to 0.50 micron.

13. A composition as described in claim 1 filtered and calcined at a temperature between about 1600 and 1800 F., in which the TiO is predominantly in the form of rutile.

4. A composition as described in claim 1 in which the amount of TiO is in the range of about 30% to 40%.

5. An aqueous acid solution of titanyl sulfate containing silicate and calcium ions dissolved therein, said solution upon neutralization precipitating a complex of TiO SiO and CaO, the silicon and calcium being present in the ratio of at least about 3:1 and no greater than 4:1 equivalent to SiO :CaO, and said composition containing about 5% to 40% by Weight of TiO 6. The composition described in claim 5 in which the TiO equivalent of the titanium present is about 5% to 40% by weight of the total of the CaO and SiO equivalent of the calcium and silicon in solution.

7. The method of preparing the solution described in claim 5, which comprises adding Na O-SiO and CaCl in molar proportions of from 3:1 to 4:1 to a strongly acid solution of titanyl sulfate and mixing, the concentration, acidity and temperature of the solution being suflicient to maintain the calcium and silicate ions in solur tion, and the titanyl sulfate being present in a quantity 12 sufiicient to provide 5% to by weight of TiO in the precipitated complex.

8. The method of producing a complex composition consisting essentially of T iO SiO and CaO, which comprises introducing into the high shear zone adjacent a rapidly rotating impeller an aqueous acid solution of titanyl sulfate in an amount sufiicient to provide from 5% to 40% by weight Ti0 in the precipitated complex and containing silicate and calcium ions in proportions of from 3:1 to 4:1 dissolved therein, simultaneously introducing into said zone an aqueous solution of an alkali metal hydroxide in an amount sufficient at least substantially to neutralize said titanyl sulfate solution and precipitate said complex, and withdrawing from said zone effluent containing said precipitated complex.

9. The method of claim 8 in which said titanyl sulfate solution and said alkaline solution are mixed in the high shear zone adjacent the impeller of a centrifugal pump by continuously introducing said solutions to said zone.

10. The method of claim 8 in which the titanyl sulfate solution is kept below its hydrolysis temperature until it reaches said high shear zone.

11. The method of claim 10 in which the pH of the resulting mixed solutions is about 8-10.

12. The method of claim 8 in which the temperature of the mixed solutions is about -212 F.

13. The method of claim 12 in which the temperature of the mixed solutions is at least about F.

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,259,481 10/1941 Mowlds 106-300 XR 2,259,482 10/1941 Mowlds 106-300 XR 2,296,618 9/ 1942 Patterson 106300 2,296,639 9/1942 Hanahan. 2,378,790 6/ 1945 Robertson. 2,674,541 4/1954 Wainer 106300 2,751,307 6/1956 Armant et al. 2,760,880 8/1956 Grave 106300 3,034,913 5/1962 Lagerstrom 106-300 XR 3,334,059 8/1967 Rodgers et al. 106300 XR FOREIGN PATENTS 476,439 8/1951 Canada.

TOBIAS E. LEVOW, Primary Examiner H. M. S. SNEED, Assistant Examiner US. Cl. X.R.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION Patent No. 3 ,528,36 Dated September 15 l970 Inventofls) William L Craig It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:

line 81, "12.4" should read 12.34

Signed and sealed this 8th day of June 1971 (SEAL) Attest:

EDWARD M.FLETCHER,JR. WILLIAM E SCHUYLER, JR. Attesting Officer Commissioner of Patents Column 3 line 58 "carried" should read varied Column 5 line 50 after "of", first occurrence insert the Column 6 line 39 "acid" should read aid line 54 "Na .03 25" should read Na 0 3 .25 Column 7 line 12 Ha dshets should read Handsheets Table I Subcolumn 3 line 38 "88 .0" should read 88 .4 Table I Subcolumn 3 line 39, ".724" should read .720 line 68, "proces" should read process Column 9, line 12, insert "compleX" after the Table II Subcolumn l line 61 "Dilution water for titanly sulfate; gallons" should read Dilution water for titanyl sulfate; gallons Table II Subcolumn l line 63, "Na O 38Si0 should read Na 0.3 .8Si0 Column 10 line 43 "pont" should read point Table II Subcolumn 9 

